Gender Socialization in American Social Institutions Essay Example for Free

Gender Socialization in American Social Institutions EssaySocialization refers to how people attend antithetical cultures and learn to live with the various aspects of the cultures. For an individual, socializing provides an opportunity to gain various habits and skills that ar necessary for participating and acting at various aims within the order of magnitude. For the wider orderliness, enculturation enables diametrical people to exchange moral norms, values, attitudes, social roles, languages, motives and so forth, thereby attaining a form of social and cultural stability (Sapiro, 1990).Socialization is affected by many an(prenominal) factors, which have contributed to factors such as social stratification with particular with reference to gender among various societies. Many social theories have suggested that gender is a stub cause of social stratification in the American Society (Stone, 2001 Andersen Taylor, 2005 Levinson, Cookson Sadovnik, 2002 Giddens Grif fiths, 2006). Social stratification with respect to gender has been noted in many areas such as place of worship, schools, workplaces, and many other areas that involve social interactions.According to Andersen and Taylor (2005), the various methods used in interaction in different institutions lead to stratification since males ordinarily tend to dominate the social scene, thus creating a situation whereby females have to sour a second role in socialization. This paper will measure the methods of socialization used by people in different American educational institutions with particular reference to the role of gender in the social scene.The arrange of the paper will involve a brief discussion of the various aspects of socialization in the American context followed by a discussion of the methods of gender socialization in American social educational institutions. Gender socialization among Americans According to Stone (2001), the American society places a lot of importance in the role of the family as the basic social unit of the society. In fact, the evidence for this is shown by the abundance in most libraries of published materials regarding marriage and family life in the unite States.The interest in family life is instigated by the fact that there are various instances of gender interaction such as those involving children amidst children and their parents between parents and between parents and their in-laws (Stone, 2001). An obvious gender interaction that is usually less custodytioned is that between any parent and mother-inlaw or father-in-law of the opposite sex. The aspect of mother in law in particular has been a problem to many couples in the American society.In this context, Stone (2001) quotes Eppie Lederer who commented on the persistent problem associated with mothers-in-law by communicate the question Must we outlaw the mother in law? The products of family life, that is children, also socialise differently depending on where they are. Andersen and Taylor (2005) note that gender socialization among children is impacted upon by peers, parents, the media, schools, ghostlike institutions and forth. It is at the child level that various paths of gender socialization are charted.For instance, in schools girls usually get mingled in communal games and care getting into groups whereas boys tend to put interest in games that are individualistic (Andersen Taylor, 2005). The same authors also note that girls play more freely when they are involved in same sex groups. On the other hand, boys tend to wield power over girls when they play with them and have a disposition to create laws of play over girls. This is perhaps what leads to mens dominance in scenes in later life (Andersen Taylor, 2005 Stone, 2001).Methods of gender socialization in American educational and religious institutions As is the case in all societies, socialization occurs at all stages of life, not just in childhood stages. The attributes displa yed by children in their early eld such as gender-typed forms of games are indicator of behavior that appear later during adult life. The aspects of competitive play displayed by boys prepare them for the diverseness socialization purlieu they encounter as adults.Giddens and Griffiths (2006) note that boys engage in more aggressive socialization activities because in future they get active in activities such as sports and the large groups they socialize with also teach them to cooperate and compete when working together later in life. Among girls, there is a slightly different glide slope to socialization. Andersen and Taylor (2005) note that learn in the same way as girls but they dont tend to value the attributes such as highly as boys or men even though these attributes are no less important to them.Thus, gender socialization in various American educational institutions is ground on these attributes as discussed in the following sections. Gender socialization in schools Scho ols in have a distinct influence on gender socialization because of the considerable amount to time children spend them (Cookson, 1990). Teachers of either sex have different expectations for boys and girls. According to research findings, boys in American schools call out answers close eight times more than girls (Andersen Taylor, 2005). This makes boys get more attention from their teachers than girls.This point is emphasized by the fact that when teachers of either sex respond to the boys they increase the boys level of perceived importance. Another level of socialization in schools is the kind of books used in class. The kind of messages depicted in the books usually determine the kind of socialization that children have later in life or among themselves (Levinson, Cookson Sadovnik, 2002). If a person of a certain gender is used as a central framing and is portrayed to be powerful or a genius, a mentality is developed among children that people of that gender are powerful in all dimensions. nigh of the characters depicted as such are men. Gender socialization and religion Religion is one of the aspects of gender socialization that is often overlooked in the American society. Different religious groups lay emphasis on different aspects of their culture such as gender differences. For instance, most Judeo-Christian religions found in the United States put much emphasis on gender, with a common perspective that men are superior to women. In religions that embrace Orthodox Judaism, men furnish prayer to God thanking him for not having made a slave of woman for them.In addition, many other religions in the United States exclude women from leadership in religious functions to signify that women hold a lower position in the society (Levinson, Cookson Sadovnik, 2002). Aside from the religions that belittle gender, socialization in Christian and Muslim faiths encourages some form of gender equity (Cookson, 1990). Thus in both churches and mosques, women cons tantly use what they learn based on their faiths to question racist practices and other forms of unsportsmanlike treatment by men.Along this line, protestant and evangelical churches in the United States campaign for shared household roles and equal job opportunities as part of socialization between men and women (Stone, 2001). Gender socialization and the media Different forms of media such as magazines, film, television, music and many others have a lot of influence on the kind of socialization in the United States. Communication through the various forms of media is facilitated through features such as cartoons, narrations, messages in music and so forth.Men and women play different roles in the media industry and this determines show they socialize at various levels. But a common tendency is that men are usually portrayed as more powerful figure in various media by their dominance in films, sports, and many other activities. This has changed how people view various forms of med ia and stratified the society (particularly learning institutions) in terms of popularity of some programs. Television in the United States has been criticized for portraying unrealistic images of women and men with respect to their appearance and age (Stone, 2001).There is a common opinion that women are usually portrayed provocatively on television in dresses such as underwear, nightwear, swimsuits and so forth. Media images in social scenes such as social halls, school halls, colleges and other institutions in the United States and so on are criticized for depicting white men as exercising higher(prenominal) authority than white women as well as black men and black women. Many advertisements in social settings also have the same tendency of depicting the male gender as being superior to the female gender (Stone, 2001).Gender socialization and employment in educational institutions Workplaces as schools are characterized by people of either gender playing different roles. The Amer ican system of job classification us characterized by hierarchical organizations which put men and women in different job capacities. For instance, most principals in schools and superintendents of colleges are men (Andersen Taylor, 2005). This therefore creates an ill-advised notion that leaders in social institutions are unendingly men. ConclusionIt is evident that various from of gender socialization in educational institutions such as schools, colleges, churches, social halls and so forth in the United States is greatly influenced by the kind of socialization that takes place in elementary levels of education such as junior schools. In addition, the kind of behavior that boys and girls are loose to is carried into adult life. This is shown in many organizations that disseminate knowledge such as colleges, most of which portray men as being superior to women. References Andersen, M. L. and Taylor H. F. (2005).Sociology understanding a diverse society. New York Cengage Learning . Cookson, L. Gender equity, social institutions and the future of fertility. Journal of Population Research, 17(1)1-14 Giddens, A Griffiths, S. (2006). Sociology. New York Polity Levinson, D. Cookson, P. W. Sadovnik , A. R. (2002). Education and sociology an encyclopedia. New York Taylor Francis. Sapiro, V. (1990) Women in American society an introduction to womens studies. New York Mayfield Pub. Co. Stone, L. (2001). New directions in anthropological kinship. New York Rowman Littlefield.

Psoriasis Case Study

Psoriasis Case StudyCase StudyP.D. a twenty-three-year-old female presents with symptoms of psoriasis. She has some(prenominal) thick scaly, well defined, erythematous plaques, which atomic number 18 silvery in color. The tolerant reports that she has just returned from a twelve-day trip to southern Louisiana to doing the ecosystem as farewell of her education as an environmental engineer. During the trip, she had significant solar exposure, although she wore sunscreen. The expanded and prominent plaques cover up her elbows and thighs, and there is a patch on her scalp. Her lesions cover about fifteen percent of her body. She occasionally applies moisturizing lotion or witch hazel if it becomes too irritating. All other body systems are figure.Patient states I have unceasingly had some rashes, although usually not this bad.Past Medical HistorySome rashes, otherwise non-contri only whenorySocial HistoryRecent trip to southern Louisiana for ecosystem work related to studies as an environmental engineer.Physical ExaminationSeveral thick scaly, well define, erythematous plagues, silver in color.Expanded plague and prominent plagues cover elbows and thighs, with an celestial orbit on the scalp. Plague coverage is fifteen percent of the body.Significant sun exposureAll other body systems are within normal limits.Reviewing the symptoms, the primary diagnosis is plague psoriasis. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the scramble in which the production of epidermal cells occurs at a rate that is meteoric than normal. The cells in the elementary layer of the skin divide too quickly, and the newly formed cells move rapidly to the skin surface and become evident as profuse scales or plagues of epidermal tissue. The psoriatic epidermal cell may travel from the basal cell layer to the stratum corneum and be cast collide with in three to four days, which is in sharp contrast to the normal twenty-six to twenty-eight days. As a result of the increased nu mber of basal cells and rapid cell passage, the normal events of cell maturation and growth cannot take place. This abnormal process does not allow the formation of the cautionary layers of the skin (PubMed Health, 2012).Psoriasis, sensation of the most common skin diseases, affects approximately two percent of the population. There appears to be a hereditary defect that causes overpopulation of keratin. The primary defect is unknown. A combination of specific genetic makeup and environmental stimuli may trigger the onset of the disease. There is evidence that the cell proliferation is mediated by the immune system. Periods of emotional puree and anxiety aggravate the condition, and trauma, contagious diseases, and seasonal and hormonal changes are trigger factors. The onset may occur at any age, but is most common amid the ages of ten and thirty-five years. Psoriasis has a tendency to improve and then recur throughout life (PubMed Health, 2012).The clinical manifestationThe l esions appear as red, raised patches of skin covered with silvery scales. The scaly patches are formed by the buildup of living and dead skin that results from the vast increase in the rate of skin-cell growth and turnover. If the scales are scraped away, the dark red base of the lesion is exposed, producing ninefold bleeding points. These patches are not moist and may or may not itch. The lesions may remain small, fully grown rise to the term guttate psoriasis. Usually, the lesions enlarge slowly, but after many months they coalesce, forming extensive irregular shaped patches (PubMed Health, 2012). Psoriasis may range from a cosmetic source of evil to a physically disabling and disfiguring affliction. Particular sites of the body tend to be affected by this ailment they include the scalp, the area over the elbows and knees, the lower fictitious character of the back, and the genitalia. Psoriasis also appears on the extensor surfaces of the arms and legs, on the scalp and ears, and over the sacrum and intergluteal fold. Bilateral symmetry is a feature of Psoriasis (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). The disease may be associated with arthritis of multiple joints, causing crippling disability. The relationship between arthritis and psoriasis is not understood. Another complication is an exfoliative psoritic state in which the disease progresses to involve the total body surface (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). worryThe goals of management are to reduce the rapid turnover of the epidermis and to promote resolution of the psoriatic lesions. Thus, the goal is limited to control of the problem, because there is no cure (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011).The remedial approach should be one that the patient understands it should be cosmetically acceptable and not too disruptive of life-style. It will involve a commitment of sequence and effort by the patient.First, any precipitating or aggravating factors are removed. Then as assessment is made of life-st yle, since psoriasis is significantly affected by stress. The patient must also be advised that treatment of severe psoriasis can be time-consuming, expensive, and esthetically unappealing at times. Treatment will begin with Vectical fulsomeness (calcitriol) 3mcg/g, topical use only. Apply twice daily, once in the morning and once in the evening, the maximum weekly dose should not exceed two hundred gram (National Institute of Health, 2012). Treatment will extend to eight weeks, with follow up in office at that time. Each gram contains 3 micrograms of calcitriol. Vectical should not be applied to the face, eyes, or lips. It should be used with caution in patients receiving medications known to increase calcium serum levels, such as calcium supplements, vitamin D supplements, and thiazide diuretics. Vectical may cause sunburn more easily, avoid the sun, sunlamps, or tanning beds while using Vectical ointment. social occasion a sunscreen or wear protective clothing when having to b e outside for more than a short time (National Institute of Health, 2012).Vectical ointment is indicated for the topical treatment of mild to moderate plague psoriasis in adults eighteen years and older. Calcitriol (Vectical) contains 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the hormone active form of vitamin D3. Calcitriol 3-mcg/g ointment is similar in efficacy to calcipotriene 0.005-% ointment for the treatment of plague type psoriasis on the body and is better tolerated in intertriginous and sensitive areas of the skin (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012). Vectical contains calcitriol, which studies have shown to be fetotoxic, and should be used in pregnancy only if the potentiality benefits justify the potential risk to the fetus. It is not known if calcitriol is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Vectical ointment is used by treat women. If the patient thinks she may be pregnant, they will need to discuss the benefits an d risks of using Vectical ointment while pregnant (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012).Patient EducationUse only as directed, for external use only. Vectical is to be applied only to areas of skin affected by psoriasis. Vectical should be gently rubbed into the skin so that no medication corpse visible. As you may sunburn more easily, avoid the sun, sunlamps, or suntan beds/booths while using Vectical ointment. Use a sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or greater wear protective clothing when you must be outside for more than a short time (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011).All medications may cause side effects, but many have no, or minor, side effects. Minor skin discomfort at the application site is the most common side effect of Vectical ointment. give the sack the medical provider if these side effects occur rash, hives, itching, difficulty breathing, chest tightness, swelling of the face, mouth or lips, new or worsening skin headache ( blistering, flushing, burning, severe discomfort, o r redness), symptoms of hypercalcemia (weakness, nausea, confusion, constipation, excessive thirst, fast, slow or irregular heartbeat) (National Institute of Health, 2012).Treatment PlanVectical (calcitriol) 3mcg/g, 100 G tube twice daily. companion up appointment in eight weeks.Laboratory testing to include calcium serum levels and hCG testing now and at followup visit. excess laboratory testing to include skin biopsy for fungal infection. Patient education on use and precautions of medications, and supplements. Referral to psoriasis support group for emotional support and education.Differential diagnosisReview of symptoms and history of working in the environment leads to questioning if the patient presentation is a case of Tine Corporis and Tina Capitis. As the patient was in an environmental area that is subject to large fungal growth and exposure to a wet climate increases the risks for fungal infestation, this is the differential diagnosis (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011) .Tina capitis is a contagious fungal infection of the hair shafts. Microsporum and Trichophyton species are dermatophytes that infect hair. Clinically, one or several round patches of redness and scaling are present. Tinea Corporis or Tina circinata begins as an erythematous macule advancing to rings of vesicles with central clearing. The lesions appear in clusters, usually on exposed areas of the body. These may extend to the scalp, hair, or nails. As a rule, there is an elevated border consisting of small papules or vesicles. Coalescence of individual rings may result in large patches with bizarre scalloped borders. Use of a woods lamp will help in the diagnosis. The fungal infection will glow under the light. Skin biopsy will confirm the presence of fungal infestation (Katzung, Mastes, Trevor, 2012).ReferencesBrunton, L., Chabner, B., Knollman, B. (2011). Goodman Gilmans The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill.Katzung, B., Mastes, S., Trevor, A. (2012) . Basic Clinical Pharmacology (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill.National Institute of Health. (2012, January). Vectical ointment. Retrieved from U.S. National Library of Medicine http//www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/druginfo.cfmPubMed Health. (2012, November). Psoriasis. Retrieved from PubMed Health http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001470

Continuous Improvement in Software Development

Continuous Improvement in Software DevelopmentThe to a higher place principle concerns the close, daily collaboration surrounded by business people and customers is an important one for Agile as it ensures the usability of the product and thence entire tone of pasture to bring about the customers requirement in the best way possible (Cohn, 2005). The principle reflects the wide awake value of customer collaboration over contract negotiation. Schwaber (2004) highlights the importance of this principle as during the last decades with the increasing complexity of IT hurl, developers and customers have been drifting apart due to unsuitable methodologies that obstruct effective customer collaboration.Requirement collection following this agile principle goes beyond the requirement collection of traditional project management methodologies (Cobb, 2011). Beck (2000) suggests that when using XP, there should always be a customer on rank to be able to answer all arising questions i nstantaneously. Customers often have different or no expectations from a project which emphasizes the posit of close collaboration to get hold any discrepancies (Cohn, 2005). Cohn (2005) further argues that through daily meetings changing requirements originating in rapidly evolving business environment can be addressed immediately and realignment of the strategy and deliverables is possible.However, the behave of daily customer meetings was not achievable during the wiki project nonetheless, the aggroup was able to consult with the customer frequently through email and very short reception times allowed areas of unclarity to be resolved promptly. This close collaboration was often used to clarify small details in the requirements to increase the customer enjoyment through implementing change request without delay. When this principle is applied cautiously and thoroughly, a high level of trust can be developed between the two parties manifold (Schwaber, 2004). Highsmith (200 9) further argues that trust is a very important issue to be valued as it enhances the team cohesion and spirit of collaborative kick the bucket.This is supported by the experienced Group Green has made during the wiki project. During grommet 1 and 2, all requirements have been comprehensively discussed and clarified within the team and with the customer during iteration supplying and initial customer consultation. After the team has started developing the iterations product, the customer was consulted again to resolve any remaining unclarities. Through this practice of close collaboration the quality of the product was at a very high level which was reflected through the outstanding feedback from the customer. However, during iteration 3 this high level of cooperation with the customer was neglected by the team which was been reflected in the iteration review meeting. The customer was not as satisfied with the product as in the previous two iterations, because the team failed t o put through the customers requirements and specifications.In the subsequent iteration it was the Scrum Masters top priority to involve the customer again in more detail to enhance discourse and idea exchange, removing impediment between the customer and the maturation team as suggested by Schwaber (2004). To adhere and to apply this principle might be one of the close to valuable lessons learned in this project, as the close collaboration ensures a high quality of work and subsequently high customer satisfaction.The principle of sustainable development relates to the aim of developing the product in a constant pace without any perks in development velocity. Sustainability has a great significance, as the solely play of agile development is aimed to be a sustainable approach (Augustine, 2005). Poppendieck and Poppendieck (2003) note that companies which have adopted lean thinking have achieved a pregnant sustainable performance improvement. Stellman and Greene (2014) highlig ht that the breaking down of the whole project into smaller more manageable chunks facilitates the influence of determining realistic durations of every fabrication point or piece of work that is to be developed. The ability of estimating realistic durations enables the project team to give accurate predictions of the development time of the whole product. This supports a very steady flow of product development and the team can work in a constant and sustainable pace (Cohn, 2005).In packet development, this constant flow leads to a higher quality of code and fewer inconsistencies in the source code. In consequence, less time is needed to address rally fixing, which make the whole concept more sustainable and viable (Cohn, 2005). Bug fixing, improving flaws and making corrections often lead to a higher work load for the project team and consequently lowers the motivation and increases the stress the team experiences. The stress primarily results from the still existing deadline a t the end of the short iteration which still needs to be met, despite the amount of required re-work. Cohn (2005) further stipulates that over time, the customer make outs and acknowledges the high quality, which subsequently enables trust to be developed between the customer and the project team. Cobb (2011) further points out that all team members, not just developers, need to keep pace with each different throughout the whole duration of the project.In agile development, the iterations prevent team members to step in or out of the project in different phases. As a result, the development of the product is ofttimes more fluent, as all team member can built up trust and develop a high team cohesion (Cobb, 2011). Cohn (2005) further argues that this can lead to a higher motivation for the project team as they feel empowered and are more unstrained to achieve better results. Whitworth and Biddle (2007) conclude that agile planning reduces tensions and conflicts and the consecutiv e development of small tasks promotes motivation in the team, which altogether which leads to an overall quality improvement.In practice, group Green has experienced the value of this principle, however, not in as much detail as in real-life practice. The project was already divided into weekly iterations, which schematic the grounds of sustainable development. However, the team experienced the value of dividing the whole project deliverables into smaller parts as this practice greatly improves transparency and clearness of what requirements need to be fulfilled and how this can be achieved. The internally agreed deadlines did not drastically change during the whole project duration. This way the team was able to realise a routine of weekly development, which greatly helped and supported in developing a high-quality product. Trust among the team has been developed at the same time, which facilitated the sustainable development.An important lesson learned in this regard is the nece ssity of splitting the workload and thoroughly planning durations of the single pieces of work. This greatly benefits a sustainable, constant pace of development and consequently increases the product quality and customer satisfaction.The last agile principle states that the team should regularly reflect on how to become more effective and adopt their work processes accordingly. Through the alignment of the overall approach and the strategy of development, the project team aims to increase the quality baseline of the developed work. Stellman and Greene (2014) note that it is important to include backwards to evaluate and assess performance to figure out ways on how to become more effective in future projects. This retrospective should not be limit to one meeting at the end of a project but should be implemented immediately when any possible improvements are recognised. According to Beck (2000) the project team should use daily stand up meetings to get discuss any areas of general development improvement. If this is not possible, the team should try to incorporate a retrospective at least after finishing every iteration (Smith and Upton, 2015). Cobb (2011) elaborates on this in saying that sprints in agile are generally much shorter than the development duration of traditional approaches, which facilitates the reflecting process.The concept of continuous improvement is linked to lean software development and based on the Kaizen philosophy and re-engineering approach to leaven the standard of status quo to achieve better quality products (Bond, 1999). Kaizen and re-engineering philosophy were originally deduced from operational management in logistics, but can be applied to other improvement processes such as Agile product development. Typically, the improvement process can be divided into four consecutive stages1. maintaining process status quo2. process improvement3. process re-engineering4. achieving process stability.Group Green applied this principle du ring most of the wiki project. In the first two iterations, the team held one retrospective at the end of each iteration to identify areas of improvement and ways to implement more agile principles than the ones that were already used. This practice lead to a high quality of product and customer satisfaction. However, during iteration 3 this principle was neglected and the team did not pursue the strive of further improvement. This was reflected in reduced customer satisfaction in comparison to the previous iterations. In response, the team decided to add an additional retrospective reflect on how to further improve their development process to retrieve the higher quality standard and customer satisfaction of previous iterations. Based on this positive experience of reinforcing this principle it was agreed that an additional retrospective is being held at the end of the wiki project to ensure a high quality of final assignment report. Reflecting the whole development process, it can be give tongue to with certainty that lessons learned includes the necessity of consequently applying this principle. Only by doing so, the prerequisite is fulfilled to continuously deliver high quality products and achiever customer satisfaction.

Consumer’s Perception of Risk of Online Transactions

Consumers Perception of Risk of Online TransactionsAbstractThe purpose of this inquiry is to investigate whether a consumers perception of danger in transacting on the net profit ( sensed Risk) would feel an model on their think of a banks e-banking website (Specific Trust) and their leave al atomic number 53ingness to subprogram e-banking. Data were placid from a survey and a usable sample of 202 was obtained. Hierarchical moderated throwback analysis was go ford to test the model. The results showed that Perceived Risk has a direct influence on a consumers willingness to use e-banking and Specific Trust has a positive hash out influence on the kind amid Perceived Risk and a consumers willingness to use e-banking. Consumers who run through poor sensed fortune of transacting on the profit ar generally more than willing to use e-banking. Their willingness to use e-banking was also shown to be more pronounced in cases where the consumer also in faith their banks e -banking website. These findings be of particular relevance to banks. It gameylights that a consumers willingness to use e-banking primarily depends on their perception of risk in transacting on the internet self-assurance of the specific e-banking website was secondary. This suggests the need for banks to non only employ mechanisms to build trust for their specific e-banking website, gloss over that banks should first take measures to groom their customers and manage general consumer perceptions of the risks of transacting on the internet.Keywords Trust, Perceived Risk, Internet, E-banking Adoption.IntroductionIn youthful years, the advancement in technological developments in reading technology has lead to the ontogenesis of e-banking in the banking industry. The evolution of e-banking has fundamentally transformed the way banks traditionally conduct their businesses and the ways consumers act their banking activities (Eriksson et al., 2008 Sayar and Wolfe, 2007). Today e-banking has experienced phenomenal conjureth and has become i of the main avenues for banks to deliver their products and services (Amato-McCoy, 2005).E-banking reaps benefits for both banks and its customers. From the banks perspective, e-banking has enabled banks to lower operational costs by the reduction of physical facilities and staffing picks required, reduced waiting times in branches resulting in potential add in sales performance and a life-sizer global reach (Sarel and Mamorstein, 2003). From the customers perspective, e-banking allows customers to perform a wide range of banking transactions electronically via the banks website anytime and anywhere (Grabner-Kraeuter and Faullant, 2008). In addition, customers no longer are confined to the opening hours of banks, travel and waiting times are no longer necessary, and access of information regarding banking services are now easily available (Hamlet, 2000).However the success of e-banking isnt without its problems. Firstly the bankers acceptance of e-banking has not kept pace with that of internet usage (White and Nteli, 2004). This breakout is attributed to the lack of trust among bank customers, particularly among internet users age 65 and sure-enough(a) (Ilett, 2005 Perumal and Shanmugam, 2005). Secondly, customers still prefer face to face interaction (Asher, 1999) due to reasons much(prenominal) as fear of the online milieu and lack of trust in the internet. Recent literature on e-banking showed that the formation of trust can help reduce the restore of key inhibiting factors such as fears about victimisation the online service among non-ebanking customers (Vatanasombut et al., 2008).Moreover, even with the increased usage of e-banking in recent years, banks are faced with a enigma whilst e-banking does have its benefits of convenience and cost savings the ease at which e-banking allows for switching back to traditional ways of banking consequently reduces long term customer lo yalty (Sarel and Mamorstein, 2003). The commitment-trust conjecture of Morgan and Hunt (1994) proposes that trust leads to commitment in simileships, and so, if trust is built amongst experienceing customers, over time they will become committed to the e-banking service, reducing the chances of customers parachuting ship (Mukherjee and Nath, 2003 Vatanasombut et al., 2008).Evident in past literature is the fact that risk plays a role in the formation of trust (Chen and Dhillon, 2003 Pavlou, 2003), but what is not apparent(a) is the relationship risk has with trust especially in regards to the perceive risk consumers have in transacting on the internet. old enquiry studies into the area of risk fix that it is not objective risk, but perceived risk which matter in the formation of trust (Bauer, 1960 as citied in Bttner and Gritz, 2008 Garbarino and Strahilevitz, 2004). A recent look into study found that, perceived risk is directly related to an individuals bridal of e-bank ing with many past research studies showing that intention to use e-banking is a great deal times affected by fears of theft or fraud (Gerrard et al., 2006). The relationship between perceived risk and trust is an underdeveloped area in the literature. Past work in the area of trust and perceived risk has not yet managed to fully determine the exact relationship which risk has on trust, as whilst risk is necessary for the formation of trust, it is not an root of trust (Chen and Dhillon, 2003). Moreover, trust has been shown in the past to effect perceptions of risk, as well as having mediating effects through risk (Pavlou, 2003).Hence the purpose of this research is to investigate whether a customers perception of risk in the internet would have moderating effects on trust and a customers willingness to use e-banking. As noted by Bttner and Gritz, (2008), there is a lack of empirical studies in this area. Moreover by concord the spirit of risk and trust, banks can ascertain the steps necessary on their part to ensure that the trust which they have built in their services will indeed influence customers betrothal and commitment to e-banking.Literature ReviewTrust in E-banking Trust is essential in situations where risk, misgiving and interdependence exist (Mayer et al., 1995), and the online environment certainly encapsulates these factors. In an online environment, there is no direct physical contact between buyer and seller. This spatial distance inwardness that consumers cannot use the physical cues, such as observing the sales staff or the physical office/store space, in exhibition to judge trustworthiness (Reichheld and Schefter, 2000). Due to the global nature of the internet, consumers and e-retailers often face spatial and temporal separation as a result transactions carried out online often do not involve a simultaneous transaction of goods (or services) and money (Grabner-Kraeuter, 2002). This delay in time means that consumers can become incr easingly uncertain whether the new(prenominal) party will genuinely perform their side of the transaction. Another reason for the increased need for trust in the online contexts is consumers fear for the safety of their personal information due to hackers or other harmful possibilities (Hoffman et al., 1999 Yoon, 2002).Apart from the necessities of trust in order to get consumers to purchase online as per the theory of reasoned action (Azjen and Fishbein, 1980), trust is also important for businesses to grow and maintain profitability, as per the commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing by Morgan and Hunt (1994). Past research studies have identified that one of the benefits of trust are committed customers (Casalo et al., 2007 Morgan and Hunt 1994). Loyal repeat customers are highly beneficial to organizations, as it is much cheaper to retain customers than it is to find and attract new customers (Reichheld and Schefter, 2000). In the online arena where substitutes are r eadily available, the benefits to businesses of having committed customers are plenty, hence the amount of research into the area (e.g. Casalo et al., 2007 Jarvenpaa et al., 2000 Vatanasombut et al., 2008).Numerous research studies have been conducted to identify what factors drive or inhibit the adoption of e-banking by consumers (Gerrard et al., 2006 Hernandez and Mazzon, 2007 Lichtenstein and Williamson, 2006 Sayar and Wolfe, 2007). It has been identified that the lack of trust was one of the main reasons why consumers are still reluctant to conduct their financial transactions online (Flavian et al., 2006 Luarn and Lin, 2005 Mukherjee and Nath, 2003Rotchanakitumnuai and Speece, 2003).In order for e-banking to be a viable medium of service delivery, banks today must try to narrow the trust gap due to the high degree of uncertainty and risk in an online environment compared to traditional settings. Research studies conducted examining the role of trust in e-banking (e.g. Vatanaso mbut et al., 2008 Casalo et al., 2007 Lichtenstein and Williamson, 2006 Rexha et al., 2003 Suh and Han, 2002), found that trust plays a key role in the adoption and continued use of e-banking. Furthermore, it was found that trust not only affects the intent to use e-banking (Liu and Wu, 2007 Suh and Han 2002), but trust in e-banking has also been found to be an antecedent to commitment in e-banking (Vatanasombut et al., 2008 Kassim and Abdulla, 2006), and is therefore useful to reduce the perceived risk that consumers feel is present in an online environment (Pavlou 2002).Perceived Risk and TrustPerceived risk is depicted as a concept that is complex, multifaceted and dynamic (Zhao et al., 2008, p.506). Perceived risk is delimitate as a consumers perceptions of the uncertainty and the possible unsuitable consequences of buying a product or service (Littler and Melanthiou, 2006). In the online context, past research studies suggest the inclusion of perceived risk due to its importa nce in influencing online consumer behavior (Cunningham et al., 2005 Pavlou, 2003 Salam et al., 2003 Schlosser et al., 2006) and more so in the area of e-banking (Cunningham et al., 2005).As mentioned earlier, perceived risk is important in the formation of trust (Bauer, 1960 as cited in Bttner and Gritz, 2008 Garbarino and Strahilevitz, 2004). The body of the knowledge on trust has identified that risk is the element which gives rise to the need for trust when engaging in an activity which means that if there were no perceptions of risk, trust would not be necessary to engage in an activity, as actions could be taken with complete certainty (Yousafzai, 2003 Chen and Dhillon 2003). at that place are two different types of risk that have been identified in relation to trust risks associated with a partner and risks associated with a type of transaction (Bttner and Gritz, 2008). Risks associated with a partner in general are perceptions that a particular interaction partner in a tra nsaction will not perform their end of the bargain, and are formed from perceptions of the attributes of that interaction partner this type of risk should be inversely related to trust of that partner (Jarvenpaa et al., 2000). Essentially, the higher(prenominal)(prenominal) the trust one has in a partner, the less perceived risk in dealing with that partner. However, risk associated with a type of transaction has a different association with trust. The more risky a type of transaction is perceived to be, the more trust is required in order to engage in an interaction with that partner (Mayer et al., 1995).The relationship between risk and trust is a complex one, whilst risk is necessary to the creation of trust, it is not an antecedent to trust which means the presence of risk does not automatically equate to the formation of trust (Pavlou, 2002). According to Mayer et al. (1995, p.711) It is unclear whether risk is an antecedent to trust, or is an outcome of trust. Clearly, a gap of knowledge exists in this area, and moreover research is required so as to determine the relationship which risk has with trust, especially in the context of e-banking.However the area that interests the authors of this research is the work by Pavlou (2002) which found that the effect of trust on transaction intention could be moderated through perceived risk. This is a relationship which was pilot programly proposed by Mayer et al. (1995), who postulated that the direct of trust needed to engage in a risk taking behavior is influenced by the perception of risk inherent in that behavior. Pavlous (2002) work also called for incoming research so as to examine the complex interrelationships among trust, perceived risk and behavioral intention to reach definite conclusions. (Pavlou, 2002, p.125). This research aims to answer that call by testing perceived risk in the internet as a moderator in the relationship between a consumers trust in a banks e-banking website and the consumer s willingness to use e-banking.Theoretical FrameworkThe investigation of the role of trust in the use of e-banking necessitates the query of two key theories the theory of reasoned action by Azjen and Fishbein (1980) and the commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing by Morgan and Hunt (1994). The theory of reasoned action states that a persons behavior is determined by their behavioral intent, which is in turn make by attitude and subjective norms (Azjen and Fishbein, 1980). Increased trust means that when a persons attitudes towards a particular behavior (in this case, using e-banking) are positive, it will likely increase a persons intent to perform that behavior. This has been supported by research in both the e-retailing context (Jarvenpaa et al., 2000), and also in the e-banking context (Liu et al., 2005), where trust has been shown to lead to a purchase intention. Further, Morgan and Hunt (1994) purports that by building trust over time, customers become committed t o the relationship built, and will subsequently reciprocate with continued business. Past research in this area have extended the applicability of this commitment-trust relationship to the e-banking context (Casalo et al., 2007 Mukherjee and Nath, 2007 Vatanasombut et al., 2008). This gives rise to the first hypothesis for this research which forms the basic relationship between a consumers trust in a banks e-banking website (Specific Trust) and the consumers willingness to use e-banking.H1 Specific trust in e-banking has a direct effect on willingness to use e-bankingPerceived risk is delimitate in this research as a consumers perceptions of risk in transactions using the internet, and is hypothesized to have a moderating role in the relationship between specific trust and the willingness to use e-banking. As mentioned previously in the literature review, there is little empirical research on the moderating effect of risk in the e-banking context. Work by Pavlou (2002) found that the effect of trust on transaction intention could be moderated by perceived risk, but called for further research in this area to confirm the complex interrelationships between these trio constructs. Therefore, the authors of this research proposed the second hypothesis asH2 Perceived risk has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between specific trust and willingness to use e-banking.MethodologyTo test the model, a cross-sectional survey was undertaken using an means containing 15 items. The 15 items used were established scales adapted from Doney and Canon (1995), Chow and Holden (1997), Jarvenpaa et al. (2000), Suh and Han (2002), Kim and Ahn (2006) and Verhagen et al. (2006) measuring specific trust, willingness to use and perceived risk. Great care was taken when adapting the scales to ensure that the original concepts being measured by the scale had metaphysical congruence and relevance to this study. Each item is measured on a 7-point Likert scale with 0 denot ing the low end and 6 the high end. The questionnaire was then pretested on a non-probability sample of university staff. Refinements were made to the questionnaire based on feedback from the pre-test. All items in the final instrument were then reviewed by marketing academics for content validity.MeasuresThe scale used to measure perceived risk was adapted from a number of scales which have similar theoretical congruence with the definition of risk perception in the theoretical framework. A few of the items in the scale used was sourced from Verhagen et al. (2006), which measured intermediary risk and was defined as the article of faith of a probability of suffering a loss due to the inability of the intermediary to provide sufficient protection against fraudulent and/or opportunistic sellers (p.545) which is similar to the definition of the perception of risk on the internet. In that, the consumers belief in a possibility of loss or harm as a result of the medium internet is bei ng measured. The nature of the internet is such that, there is insufficient protection to consumers from fraudulent and/or opportunistic people, and so the use of items from Verhagen et al.s (2006) scale on intermediary risk was appropriate. Other items in the scale were sourced from the work of Jarvenpaa et al. (2000), Kim and Ahn (2006), and Chow and Holden (1997), which measured concepts such as risk perception and web-shopping risk, all of which was similar to the concept of perceived risk being operationalised. Minimal alterations were made to the items due the similarity of the concepts being measured. Whilst it would have been ideal to operationalise the construct of perceived risk in the internet with a fishy scale, but there is a lack of scales in this area (Verhagen et al., 2006), therefore the use of a entangled scale was necessary. To measure specific trust in e-banking, items from work of Doney and Canon (1995), Suh and Han (2002) and Jarvenpaa et al. (2000) were adap ted. These items were chosen due to their semantics and wording. Items directly relating to interpersonal trust including the service of e-banking, and a belief in the benefits and trustworthiness of e-banking were used as part of the scale. Lastly, in measuring the willingness to use e-banking, items that measure attitudes and intentions towards using e-banking were chosen. Items in the scale were sourced from scales published by Verhagen et al. (2006), Pavlou (2003), and Kim and Ahn (2006). demographic data were also collected for the purpose of classification and determining the generalisability of the results.Sample and Data CollectionRepresentativeness, dependability of results as well as time and resource restraints were considered in determining the sample. The final sample was a non-probability sample of administrative and academic staff in ten departments across the v faculties of a large Australian university. University staff was chosen, as they were deemed to be more e ducated and informed about a range of issues. Therefore it is concluded that university staff would likely have a higher chance of responding to the survey, with more accuracy and honesty in their replies. Surveys were distributed physically and via online. Data collection took place over two weeks. A number of 218 returned questionnaires were yielded of which 202 passed manipulation checks and were usable. The response rate was 34.8%.ResultsAdoption of Internet and E-bankingDescriptive analysis was used and a bar chart ( skeleton 2) was constructed to compare the year of adoption of the internet and the year of adoption of e-banking. In relation to internet adoption, the results showed that there was a slow growth in the adoption of internet prior to 1995. The rate of adoption increased world-shakingly in the years 1995 to 2000 and dropped significantly after. As for the adoption of e-banking, the results showed that there was no apparent usage of e-banking till the late 1990s an d after which the adoption of e-banking rose reaching its peak in 2006. Figure 2 illustrates how the adoption of e-banking has not kept up with the pace of internet usage this is logical with the previous finding of White and Nteli (2004). Furthermore results also showed that there were still a significant number of people who have not adopted e-banking.demographic variables were examined across the three constructs of specific trust, perceived risk and the willingness to use. The results in Table 1 showed that there were significant differences between gender and specific trust (sig. harbor 0.010, t-value 2.588) and perceived risk (sig. value 0.029, t-value 2.206) constructs. The means tally showed that males have higher specific trust (5.2748) and higher perceived risk (4.2916) as compared to females towards e-banking and the internet.For age, the results showed a significant difference between age and willingness to use (sig. level 0.017, f-value 4.161). The difference was found between respondents of age groups 29 and under, and 50 and above. The means scores showed that respondents who were age 29 and below (mean 5.603) were more willing to use e-banking as opposed to respondents who were 50 and above (mean -4.8571).For qualification, significant differences were present in the perceived risk (sig. level 0.020, f-value 4.991) and willingness to use (sig. level 0.030, f-value 4.932) constructs. In regards to perceived risk, the difference was found between respondents who have completed secondary school and respondents who have a post-graduate qualification. The means scores showed that respondents who had a post-graduate qualification (4.4355) have a higher perceived risk compared to those who had completed secondary school (3.4006). In relation to willingness to use, significant differences were found between three groups of respondents those who had a trade qualification/diploma, a tertiary degree and a post-graduate qualification. The m eans scores showed that respondents who had a post-graduate qualification has a higher willingness to use e-banking (5.6871) compared to those who had a trade qualification/diploma (4.5259) and those who had a tertiary degree (5.5925).Finally for income, significant differences were found between the different income groups in the perceived risk (sig. level 0.049, f-value 2.249) and willingness to use (sig. level 0.003, f-value 3.788) constructs. The two groups of respondents with income levels of $15,001 -$ 30,000 and $70,001 -$90,000 were found to be significantly different in the perceived risk construct. The means scores of the two groups showed that respondents with an income level of $70,001 $90,000 had a higher perceived risk (4.6057) compared to respondents with an income level of $15,001 $ 30,000. In relation to willingness to use, significant difference was found between two groups $30,001 $50,000 and $50,001 $70,000. A comparison of the means scores showed that r espondents who had an income level of $50,001 $70,000 (5.8625) were more willing to use e-banking compared to those who had an income level of $30,001 $50,000 (4.6513).Model TestingIn order to validate the measures of each construct, exploratory factor analysis was conducted using principal components extraction with varimax rotation. The items in each factor were then tested for scale reliability using standard Cronbach alpha indices.As the items for both perceived risk and specific trust in e-banking were used together as a single scale in the survey instrument, factor analysis was ran on them both, to ensure that the two different factors were still valid. To check for the appropriateness of the data for factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartletts Test of Sphericity was examined. Results showed that the KMO statistic for the data set was 0.885 and the Bartlett test showed that non-zero correlations exist at the 0.000 significance level. This indicates that the d ata is appropriate for factor analysis. The results of the factor analysis showed that two factors were indeed present, however, one of the items from the scale measuring specific trust in e-banking Compared with other forms of banking, e-banking would be more risky had moved to the factor measuring perceived risk (see Table 2 , item marked with asterisk). A reliability analysis was conducted on this adjusted factor a Cronbach alpha index of .926 was obtained. The factor loading of the item, whilst not very high at .651 was much higher than the items alternate factor loading which was .253. The item content was examined, and was found to also be applicable to the context of perceived risk due to the items wording which could be interpreted as a higher perception of risk in the medium of the Internet in comparison to other mediums. Given all these results, it was decided that the adjusted factor would be used as is in the analysis.Items measuring the construct of willingness to use e-banking were also analysis to ensure that it was indeed a singular factor (Table 3). The results showed that the KMO statistic for the data set was 0.873 and the Bartlett test showed that non-zero correlations exist at the 0.000 significance level. This indicates that the data is appropriate for factor analysis. The results revealed a unidimensional structure, and corroborated that all five items in the scale loaded onto one factor. The factor loadings of each item were high, indicating strong relevance of each item within the scale. When in combination with the high Cronbach alpha of .957, the results of the analysis show that this factor is a highly useful measure.Regression AnalysisTo test the relationship between the constructs of specific trust, perceived risk and willingness to use e-banking, hierarchical moderated regression was conducted. This method was proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986) to examine moderating effects. In conducting hierarchical moderated regression analy sis, a series of regressions were performed. The first regression (Model 1) involved regressing the dependent variable (DV) on the independent variable (IV) the second regression (Model 2) involved regressing the DV on the IV and the moderator and the final regression (Model 3) regressing the DV on the IV, the moderator, and a cross-product of the DV and the moderator.The three regression models were tested for explanatory power, and yielded R-squared values of 0.396, 0.454, and 0.508 respectively (see Table 4). Results of the R-squared comparisons showed that Model 3, which included specific trust, perceived risk, and the cross product of specific trust and perceived risk, had significantly improved R-squared values from Model 1 and Model 2. The analysis yielded results quite different to what was hypothesized. Besides Model 1 where specific trust was the only IV in the regression, specific trust was shown not to have a direct influence on the DV of willingness to use e-banking. Ra ther, perceived risk was shown to have a direct influence on the DV of willingness to use e-banking in Models 2 and 3. Model 3, which had the greatest R-squared value, suggests that it is not specific trust that influences a consumers willingness to use e-banking, but rather perceived risk. The regression coefficients from Model 3 (see Table 5) showed that perceived risk had a significant negative impact on willingness to use e-banking (p = 0.000, beta = -1.179, t = -5.588). Specific trust in e-banking instead was found to have a positive moderating influence on the relationship between perceived risk and willingness to use e-banking (p = 0.000, Beta = 0.759, t = 4.386).The results derived from the regression analysis thus do not support the two hypotheses H1 and H2. It appears that the roles of the independent variable and the moderator have swapped. Figure 3 shows the amended model reflecting these new roles, where the independent variable of perceived risk is shown having a prim ary role with a direct influence on a consumers willingness to use e-banking and specific trust in the banks e-banking website having a secondary role as a moderator.Discussion and ImplicationsAdoption of Internet and E-bankingThe results showed that there was no apparent usage of e-banking till the late 1990s. This was firstly attributed to the late adoption of e-banking facilities by the four major banks in Australia. It was only at the end of 1997 when e-banking facilities were provided by the banks in Australia (Sathye, 1999). Secondly, a report by the Australia Bureau of Statistics (1999) stated that the use of internet by adults to pay bills and depute funds were only approximately 2 per cent during that time. These findings deserve attention, as Australians were considered to be technology savvy being at the forefront of United States as the worlds third highest users of electronic point of transfer (Eftpos) in the 1990s (Macfarlane, 1997). However there were other reasons f or the late adoption of e-banking in Australia. These reasons include the lack of knowledge of service availability, the internet website being not user friendly, and security system concerns (Sathye, 1999). In the last decade, banks have addressed these problems through the use of effective marketing strategies, education and adopting innovative technology in security measures and information technology. It has proven to be effective as the latest statistics showed that approximately 40% of the internet users in Australia have adopted e-banking (comScore, 2008). This proportion however is still relatively low, and concurs with the results of past research such as White and Nteli (2004), Lichtenstein and Williamson (2006), and the current research showing that the adoption of e-banking has not kept up with the pace of internet usage. This is despite figures for internet access quadrupling from 16% to 67% in the last decade from 1998 to 2007/08 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008 ).Demographics and Specific Trust, Perceived Risk and the Willingness to Use ConstructsResults showed that respondents who are aged 29 and below, earning an income level of $50,001 $70,000 and with post graduate qualifications were more willing to use e-banking. This finding is congruent with the findings of past studies that claimed that consumers who are well educated and with higher incomes are more willing to engage e-banking services (Kolodinsky et al., 2000 Gartner, 2003). Furthermore results of this study concur with past research studies on the unwillingness to use e-banking by the older/elderly generation (Ilett, 2005 Perumal and Shanmugam, 2005). Further examination of the results showed that respondents who are unwilling to use e-banking have a trade qualification/diploma and are earning an income of $30,001 $50,000.In relation to the perceived risk constructs, males who have a post graduate qualification and earning $70,001 -$90,000 have higher perceived risk. This fin ding is rather surprising as it does not concur with previous studies which found females to have a higher perceived risk. Females were found to be more concerned on the level of risk in technology (Lichtenstein and Williamson, 2006), more anxious with privacy protection and ethical standards (Shergill and Li, 2005) and have greater fears in new technologies such as the internet (Morahan-Martin, 2000) compared to males. Further examination of the results showed that respondents who have a lower perceived risk are females, earning an income of $15,001-$30,000 and have completed secondary school.Results from this research showed that males have higher specific trust than females heedless of income, age and qualification. Drawing from the findings of the perceived risk construct, an interesting discovery was made males have higher perceived risk as well as higher specific trust compared to the females. The authors of this study propose that a possible reason for this may be explained by a higher level of involvement in banking services in males. This should be con

Hester vs. the Community in The Scarlet Letter Essay examples -- Scarl

Hester vs. the Community in The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter seems to be created around Hawthornes obsession with the forbidding quality of the violent A, the symbolism from which the novel takes its title. Rrom the rose-bush which Hawthorne selects a flower from as an offering to the reader(1) to the elfish child Pearl, every(prenominal) aspect of the story is drenched in this letters scarlet hue. Perhaps this repetition reflects Hawthornes own repressed desires, as some critics suggest(2). However, what seems more compelling is the function which the symbol serves for Hester Prynne and the community which has condemned her. For Hester the symbol is clearly a literary one she fashions the scarlet A to fulfill the function of telling, in one solid image, her story of trouble and strength. For the Puritan community the symbol does not lead to truth, but rather conceals it. They place their fears and darkest imaginings into this brand. Hawthornes possib le artistic obsession brings to life a tortured woman, and the scud of the society that inflicts her punishment. Freudian symbolism must be differentiated from literary symbolism in order to form a deeper understanding of the symbolic scarlet A conceived as a punishment by a Puritan societys desire to uphold its truths, but brought into physical existence by Hester Prynnes fancy.(3) Daniel Weiss embarks on the effort of solidifying this distinction in the first chapter of his book titled The Critic Agonistes Psychology, Myth, and the Art of Fiction.(4). Weiss suggests that the literary symbol is a concrete and untranslatable presentation of an idea, or an experience that cannot find its way into consciousness except throu... ...Art of Fiction. Ed. Stephen Arkin and Eric Solomon. Seattle U of Washington P. (1985) 21. 11. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York, New York Bedford Books of St. Martins P., (1991) 74. 12. Weiss, Daniel. The Critic Agon istes. The Critic Agonistes Psychology, Myth, and the Art of Fiction. Ed. Stephen Arkin and Eric Solomon. Seattle U of Washington P. (1985) 21. 13. Brodhead, Richard H. New and Old Tales The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne, Melville, and the Novel. Chicago U of Chicago P., (1973) 44. 14. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter Ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York, New York Bedford Books of St. Martins P., (1991) 58. 15. ibidem 57. 16. ibid. 112. 17. ibid. 75. 18. ibid. 75. 19. ibid. 161. 20. ibid. 154. 21. ibid. 200. 22. ibid. 201. 23. ibid. 134.

HEALTH AGENCY Essay -- essays research papers fc

This essay will focus upon a critical incident digest in the background of multi-agency team add and inter-professional working. The details of the incident will be drawn from the authors recent experience with the Community Housing Support Team, in parcelicular from cope Programme Approach meetings. The names of both clients and staff, as well as details pertaining to their locale have been changed or omitted to comply with the UKCCs Code of original Conduct, Clause 10, (UKCC, 1992).The situation used within this assignment is based upon two clients who co-habit in a first floor maisonette as common justice husband and wife. Mr Client has a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia which is controlled with xenobiotics and is the main cargonr for Mrs Client who has a diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia in like manner controlled by xenobiotics that are administered by Mr Client. Mrs Client excessively has a prolapse of the uterus which causes her to suffer from double incontinence. Arrangements have been made for Mrs Client to have the necessary operation to reform the problem, however prior to admission Mrs Client becomes very anxious and has twice refused to have the operation. Both clients have a poor dietary intake, poor individual(prenominal) hygiene, high caffeine intake, and a heavy smoking habit.The conditions that the clients are now living in due to the above being ongoing for some sequence are now less than satisfactory, and to that end the present situation and what should be done about it, has become the primary focus of the respective(a) professionals and agencies involved in care of the clients. Each client has their own keyworker representative from the agencies and professionals involved in their care, these are a community psychiatric nurse (CPN), affable worker, and a genus Phallus of the housing support team (HST). Both the clients have home care workers visiting as part of the social work input, and they also share the correspondi ng general practitioner (GP), and psychiatric consultant.Housing support team input was on a daily basis with both clients and their bureau was to assist the clients with obtain and encourage the clients to use leisure facilities and local transport. The housing support team although referred to separately within this essay are officially part of the social work team, as this is the source of their funding. The social work keyworkers roles were to visit the clients on a reg... ...989) The Nurse Executive and Interdisciplinary Team Building. nursing constitution Quarterly. Volume 13, reckon 2, rascals 24-30.HUBER.D, (1996), Leadership and Nursing Care Management. W.B. Saunders Company, USA.HUDSON.B, (1987), Collaboration in Social Welfare A Framework for Analysis. Policy and Politics. Volume 19, Number 4, Page 243-256.JOHNSON.M, (1994), Conflict and Nursing Professionalization. Mosby, St Louis.VRETVEIT.J, MATHIAS.P, & THOMPSON.T, (eds), (1997), Interprofessional Working for h ealth and Social Care. MacMillan Publishers LTD, Hong Kong.SMITH.R et al, (1993), Working Together for Better Community Care. SAUS Publications, Bristol.UKCC, (1992), Code of Professional Conduct. Clause 10. 3rd Edition. United body politic Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery, and Health Visiting, London.WEBB.A, (1991), Co-ordination, A Problem in Public Sector Management. Policy and Politics. Volume 19, Number 4, Page 229-242.BIBLIOGRAPHY.ROPER.N, LOGAN.W, & TIERNEY.A.J, (1986). The Elements of Nursing. Churchill Livingstone, London.LYTTLE.J, (1994) Mental Disorder - Its Care & Treatment. Bailliere Tindall, London.SELIGMAN.M, (1991). knowing Optimism. New York. HEALTH AGENCY Essay -- essays research papers fc This essay will focus upon a critical incident analysis in the context of multi-agency team work and inter-professional working. The details of the incident will be drawn from the authors recent experience with the Community Housing Support Team, in part icular from Care Programme Approach meetings. The names of both clients and staff, as well as details pertaining to their locale have been changed or omitted to comply with the UKCCs Code of Professional Conduct, Clause 10, (UKCC, 1992).The situation used within this assignment is based upon two clients who co-habit in a first floor maisonette as common law husband and wife. Mr Client has a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia which is controlled with xenobiotics and is the main carer for Mrs Client who has a diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia also controlled by xenobiotics that are administered by Mr Client. Mrs Client also has a prolapse of the uterus which causes her to suffer from double incontinence. Arrangements have been made for Mrs Client to have the required operation to repair the problem, however prior to admission Mrs Client becomes very anxious and has twice refused to have the operation. Both clients have a poor dietary intake, poor personal hygiene, high caffeine inta ke, and a heavy smoking habit.The conditions that the clients are now living in due to the above being ongoing for some time are now less than satisfactory, and to that end the present situation and what should be done about it, has become the primary focus of the various professionals and agencies involved in care of the clients. Each client has their own keyworker representative from the agencies and professionals involved in their care, these are a community psychiatric nurse (CPN), social worker, and a member of the housing support team (HST). Both the clients have home care workers visiting as part of the social work input, and they also share the same general practitioner (GP), and psychiatric consultant.Housing support team input was on a daily basis with both clients and their role was to assist the clients with shopping and encourage the clients to use leisure facilities and local transport. The housing support team although referred to separately within this essay are offi cially part of the social work team, as this is the source of their funding. The social work keyworkers roles were to visit the clients on a reg... ...989) The Nurse Executive and Interdisciplinary Team Building. Nursing Administration Quarterly. Volume 13, Number 2, Pages 24-30.HUBER.D, (1996), Leadership and Nursing Care Management. W.B. Saunders Company, USA.HUDSON.B, (1987), Collaboration in Social Welfare A Framework for Analysis. Policy and Politics. Volume 19, Number 4, Page 243-256.JOHNSON.M, (1994), Conflict and Nursing Professionalization. Mosby, St Louis.VRETVEIT.J, MATHIAS.P, & THOMPSON.T, (eds), (1997), Interprofessional Working for Health and Social Care. MacMillan Publishers LTD, Hong Kong.SMITH.R et al, (1993), Working Together for Better Community Care. SAUS Publications, Bristol.UKCC, (1992), Code of Professional Conduct. Clause 10. 3rd Edition. United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery, and Health Visiting, London.WEBB.A, (1991), Co-ordination, A Prob lem in Public Sector Management. Policy and Politics. Volume 19, Number 4, Page 229-242.BIBLIOGRAPHY.ROPER.N, LOGAN.W, & TIERNEY.A.J, (1986). The Elements of Nursing. Churchill Livingstone, London.LYTTLE.J, (1994) Mental Disorder - Its Care & Treatment. Bailliere Tindall, London.SELIGMAN.M, (1991). Learned Optimism. New York.

Gratitude for Brown vs. Board of Education :: Race Segregation

What is it to ME I was born in 1985 and I grew up with two younger brothers. Now when I look back on my life I realize that I have taken many things for granted. These things are the simple things that most people take for granted such as growing up in a good neighborhood, and not having to worry about gangs, violence, and drugs. Like most kids growing up in good areas I went to a good school that helped springboard my life. These blessing are what allowed me to get into this University. Every once in awhile I view or approximate of something that reminds me of how lucky I am. At this University I had one of these moments and it happened at an art museum. This museum had an exhibit on Brown v. The Board of Education. This exhibit is where I really came to hold what I was blessed with because of others before my time and what they have allowed me to do with it. The Brown v. Board of Education exhibit size was decent from my view but I have not been to an art exhibit for exceptionally long time. The thing that caught my eye the most was a flick playing on a wall. This video had the screen split down the middle with two separate videos playing. On one side of the screen there was what seemed to be old video footage of a fair family and then on the other side old video footage of a black family. These videos seemed to try to show that black and white life was the kindred during this time. The footage seemed to be taken in the sixties or seventies, based on the clothing worn in the footage, and this puzzled me due to the fact that black and white life was not equal at this time. It showed both families going to Disney World and their family get-togethers. The black family did seem to have more people over for the family together and some(prenominal) more food which just reminded me of my own family get-togethers, which I have to say are a blast. The whole film gave off an aura that the film had been contrived.